Must, May and Must Not: -아/어야 해요, -아/어도 돼요, -(으)면 안 돼요
Say must, may, must not and don’t have to with -아/어야 해요, -아/어도 돼요, -(으)면 안 돼요 and -지 않아도 돼요.
What you will learn in this lesson
- Express obligation with -아/어야 하다/되다
- Ask for and give permission with -아/어도 되다
- Forbid something with -(으)면 안 되다
- Tell 'must not' apart from 'don’t have to'
Hello! Today we learn the rules about rules. 'You must…', 'You may…', 'You must not…'. You will see these on signs, hear them at work, and use them every day. The good news: all four patterns use forms you already know.
Four patterns, one system
Here is the whole lesson in one picture:
- Must: -아/어야 해요 / 돼요 - May, it’s okay to: -아/어도 돼요 - Must not: -(으)면 안 돼요 - Don’t have to: -지 않아도 돼요 / 안 -아/어도 돼요
되다 here means 'to be okay, to work'. So -아/어도 돼요 is literally 'even if you do it, it’s okay', and -(으)면 안 돼요 is 'if you do it, it’s not okay'. When you see the literal meaning, the patterns make sense.
must, have to, should
- Use the -아/어 form: 가다 → 가야 해요, 먹다 → 먹어야 해요, 하다 → 해야 해요.
- Irregulars follow the -아/어 form: 듣다 → 들어야, 돕다 → 도와야, 낫다 → 나아야, 모르다 → 몰라야, 쓰다 → 써야.
- 해요 and 돼요 are both correct. 돼요 is very common in conversation; 해요 is a little more neutral and common in writing.
- Past: -아/어야 했어요 'had to'.
- Adjectives can also take it: 방이 깨끗해야 해요 'The room has to be clean.'
- Nouns: N + 이어야/여야 해요 (학생이어야 해요, 회원이어야 해요). 있다 → 있어야 해요 'you need to have'.
- 내일 아침 일찍 일어나야 해요. naeil achim iljjik ireonaya haeyo.I have to get up early tomorrow morning.
- 이 서류는 금요일까지 내야 돼요. i seoryuneun geumyoilkkaji naeya dwaeyo.This document must be submitted by Friday.
- 비자를 연장하려면 여권이 있어야 해요. [비자를 연장하려면 여꿔니 이써야 해요] bijareul yeonjangharyeomyeon yeogwoni isseoya haeyo.To extend your visa, you need to have your passport.
may, it’s okay to, you can
- Use the -아/어 form + 도: 앉다 → 앉아도, 쓰다 → 써도, 하다 → 해도.
- Irregulars: 듣다 → 들어도, 눕다 → 누워도, 고르다 → 골라도.
- Ask for permission with a question: 여기 앉아도 돼요? 'May I sit here?'
- 돼요 can be replaced by 괜찮아요 (it’s fine) or 좋아요 (it’s good).
- Answer: 네, 앉아도 돼요 or simply 네, 그럼요 / 네, 앉으세요.
- 창문을 좀 열어도 돼요? changmuneul jom yeoreodo dwaeyo?May I open the window a little?
- 사진을 찍어도 괜찮아요. [사지늘 찌거도 괜차나요] sajineul jjigeodo gwaenchanayo.It’s fine to take photos.
- 피곤하면 먼저 집에 가도 돼요. pigonhamyeon meonjeo jibe gado dwaeyo.If you’re tired, you can go home first.
must not, may not, it’s not allowed
- Use the -(으)면 form you learned in the 'If and When' lesson: 가면, 먹으면, 놀면 (ㄹ stem + 면).
- Irregulars: 듣다 → 들으면, 굽다 → 구우면, 짓다 → 지으면.
- This is a clear prohibition. On signs you may see the written style -(으)면 안 됩니다.
- To make it softer when asking: 여기서 전화하면 안 돼요? 'Am I not allowed to make a call here?'
- 박물관 안에서 음식을 먹으면 안 돼요. bangmulgwan aneseo eumsigeul meogeumyeon an dwaeyo.You must not eat food inside the museum.
- 수업 시간에 떠들면 안 돼요. sueop sigane tteodeulmyeon an dwaeyo.You must not chat noisily during class.
- 여기에 차를 세우면 안 됩니다. yeogie chareul seumyeon an doemnida.You may not park your car here.
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Conjugation table
| Dictionary form | Must | May | Must not |
|---|---|---|---|
| 가다 | 가야 해요 | 가도 돼요 | 가면 안 돼요 |
| 먹다 | 먹어야 해요 | 먹어도 돼요 | 먹으면 안 돼요 |
| 쉬다 | 쉬어야 해요 | 쉬어도 돼요 | 쉬면 안 돼요 |
| 열다 | 열어야 해요 | 열어도 돼요 | 열면 안 돼요 |
| 걷다 | 걸어야 해요 | 걸어도 돼요 | 걸으면 안 돼요 |
| 눕다 | 누워야 해요 | 누워도 돼요 | 누우면 안 돼요 |
| 붓다 | 부어야 해요 | 부어도 돼요 | 부으면 안 돼요 |
| 부르다 | 불러야 해요 | 불러도 돼요 | 부르면 안 돼요 |
| 끄다 | 꺼야 해요 | 꺼도 돼요 | 끄면 안 돼요 |
| 운전하다 | 운전해야 해요 | 운전해도 돼요 | 운전하면 안 돼요 |
붓다 here means 'to pour'. 끄다 means 'to turn off'.
Now the most important point of today. This one is easy to mix up, so let’s compare: 'must not' and 'don’t have to' are very different! One is a prohibition. The other is freedom.
don’t have to, it’s not necessary
- Two ways: 오지 않아도 돼요 or 안 와도 돼요. Both mean 'You don’t have to come.'
- 안 -아/어도 돼요 is shorter and very common in speech.
- For 하다 verbs: 걱정하지 않아도 돼요 or 걱정 안 해도 돼요.
- 내일은 회사에 안 와도 돼요. naeireun hoesae an wado dwaeyo.You don’t have to come to the office tomorrow.
- 돈은 지금 내지 않아도 돼요. [도는 지금 내지 아나도 돼요] doneun jigeum naeji anado dwaeyo.You don’t have to pay now.
- 걱정 안 해도 돼요. 제가 할게요. [걱쩡 안 해도 돼요 제가 할께요] geokjeong an haedo dwaeyo. jega halgeyo.You don’t have to worry. I’ll do it.
Must not vs don’t have to
- 신발을 벗으면 안 돼요. sinbareul beoseumyeon an dwaeyo. You must not take off your shoes. Prohibition. Taking them off is not allowed.
- 신발을 안 벗어도 돼요. sinbareul an beoseodo dwaeyo. You don’t have to take off your shoes. No obligation. You can keep them on or take them off.
- 신발을 벗어야 해요. sinbareul beoseoya haeyo. You must take off your shoes. Obligation. Common when entering a Korean home.
- 신발을 벗어도 돼요. sinbareul beoseodo dwaeyo. You may take off your shoes. Permission.
Polite permission and refusal
- 이거 써도 돼요? — 그럼요, 쓰세요. igeo sseodo dwaeyo? — geureomyo, sseuseyo. May I use this? — Of course, go ahead. A friendly yes uses the request form -(으)세요.
- 이거 써도 돼요? — 아니요, 쓰면 안 돼요. igeo sseodo dwaeyo? — aniyo, sseumyeon an dwaeyo. May I use this? — No, you can’t. Grammatically correct but very direct.
- 이거 써도 돼요? — 죄송한데 그건 좀… igeo sseodo dwaeyo? — joesonghande geugeon jom… May I use this? — Sorry, but that’s a bit… Koreans often refuse softly and leave the sentence unfinished.
Rules in daily life
- 지하철에서는 통화를 짧게 해야 해요. jihacheoreseoneun tonghwareul jjalge haeya haeyo. On the subway, you should keep phone calls short.
- 이 약은 식사 후에 먹어야 돼요. [이 야근 식싸 후에 머거야 돼요] i yageun siksa hue meogeoya dwaeyo. You have to take this medicine after a meal.
- 분리수거를 할 때 병은 따로 버려야 해요. bullisugeoreul hal ttae byeongeun ttaro beoryeoya haeyo. When you sort the recycling, you must throw away bottles separately.
- 도서관에서 책을 일주일 동안 빌려도 돼요. doseogwaneseo chaegeul iljuil dongan billyeodo dwaeyo. You can borrow books from the library for one week.
- 수영장에 들어가기 전에 샤워를 해야 해요. suyeongjange deureogagi jeone syaworeul haeya haeyo. You must shower before entering the swimming pool.
- 아이들은 이 영화를 보면 안 돼요. aideureun i yeonghwareul bomyeon an dwaeyo. Children must not watch this movie.
- 예약을 안 해도 돼요. 그냥 오세요. yeyageul an haedo dwaeyo. geunyang oseyo. You don’t need a reservation. Just come.
Dialogue: First day at a shared house
A useful extra: -(으)면 돼요
Did you notice 내놓으면 돼요 in the dialogue? -(으)면 되다 means 'you just need to…' or 'all you have to do is…'. It sounds easier and lighter than -아/어야 해요.
- 이 버튼만 누르면 돼요. 'You just need to press this button.' - 2번 출구로 나오면 돼요. 'Just come out of exit 2.'
It is very useful when you give directions or explain something simple.
Check quiz
Q1. Choose the correct form: 'I have to write a report.' 보고서를 ___ 해요. (쓰다)
Q2. A sign at a park says you cannot pick the flowers. Which sentence matches?
Q3. What does 내일 일찍 안 와도 돼요 mean?
Q4. Fill in the blank: 이 음악을 ___ 돼요? (듣다)
Q5. Fill in the blank: 여기서 담배를 ___ 안 됩니다. (피우다)
Q6. Which one means 'You just need to sign here'?
Q7. Someone asks 여기 앉아도 돼요? You want to say yes kindly. What is most natural?
You did it! Remember the small but big difference: 안 해도 돼요 is freedom, 하면 안 돼요 is a rule. Try writing three rules for your own home or classroom. You may be stricter than you think!
Key points
- -아/어야 해요/돼요 = must, have to.
- -아/어도 돼요 = may, it’s okay to; ask permission with 돼요?
- -(으)면 안 돼요 = must not.
- 안 -아/어도 돼요 / -지 않아도 돼요 = don’t have to (not 'must not').
- -(으)면 돼요 = you just need to…
- Irregulars follow their usual forms: 들어야, 누워도, 걸으면, 써야.
Recommended official free resources
- EPS-TOPIK Korean self-study — HRD Korea
- Korean Basic Dictionary (11 languages) — National Institute of Korean Language
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